Multiwavelength surveys of AGNs (Active Galactic Nuclei) are a primary observational measure in probing the accretion history onto super massive black holes (SMBHs) and their growth since the Big Bang. Statistical measures such as the luminosity function and clustering properties of AGNs selected in multi-wavelength surveys, especially X-ray surveys, give an interface between observation and theory. At the Insitituto de Astronomía sede Ensenada, UNAM, we have a growing group of extra-galactic astrophysicists with interests in the formation and evolution of AGNs, both from observational and theoretical aspects. We solicit support for a part of such activity from PAPIIT. The projects under this prposal include the followings. 1) Constructing X-ray luminosity function and evolution from a combinations of X-ray surveys. X-ray surveys are most efficient way of generating complete samples of AGNs, because X-ray emission contains little contamination from emission of a stellar origin. Thus the X-ray luminosity is a very good proxy of the AGN power. We collect the results from X-ray surveys and their optical followup studies, from an all-sky survey to the deepest survey to investigate the number density of AGNs as a function of luminosity and redshift. 2) Investigating clustering/large scale bias of AGNs and their halo occupation distribution in the various redshift and luminosity regimes. Clustering of AGNs is anotther statistical measure from AGN surveys. The clustering strength is a measure of the typical mass of dark matter halos that AGNs occupy. We quantify the AGN clustering through two-point correlation functions, either the AGN auto-correlation function or cross-correlation with a general galaxy population. We make use of the Halo Occupation Distribution analysis for detailed analysis of the correlation functions. 3) To answer the question of the process of triggering various classes of AGNs, whether it is major mergers, minor mergers, fly-by encounters, or internal processes, comparison with the results of the cosmological simulations with semi-analytical model of AGNs will be imperative. We generate simulated AGN catalogs from the cosmological simulations under various simplified scenarios to compare with measured luminosity and correlation functions. 4) We lead the X-ray followup activities with Chandra of t one of premier multiwavelength fields of the sky, the AKARI NEP Deep fields. With its unique infrared dataset, we search for and quantify highly obscured "Compton-thick" AGNs by the combination of the infrared and X-ray data. 5) We investigate the relationship between AGN types and star formation activities using infrared spectra from AKARI and Spitzer of a sample of X-ray selected AGNs from the Swift BAT surveys. We explore correlations between the infrared Poly-aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and X-ray luminosity/absorption.

Besides its own scientific merit of the proposed project in its field of study, the project has the following contributions: 1. X-ray luminosity function/evolution and clustering studies has broader impact than its immediate scientific goal. This not only provides the accretion history of the universe, it becomes the basis for the investigation of the origin of the X-ray background. The statistical method used in this study will be a demonstrations of the maximum-likelihood and Baysian analysis. This also drives the plannings of future X-ray missions as well as large-scale survey programs in other wavelenths. 2. As a part of this project, a web-based stacking analysis tool for the Chandra survey data , CSTACK (http://lambic.astrosen.unam.mx/) is developed. This tool internally includes data from Chandra-COSMOS, Chandra deep field north and south, extended Chandra deep field and AKARI NEP Deep field. The users can upload the positions of their favorite sample and it “stacks” the X-ray images of these positions, enabling them to discuss statistically the average X-ray flux of these sources that are not detected individually. Currently this tool is mainly used by the COSMOS team members, but TM is planning to make this tool public. Under the PAPIIT project, he is planning to implement the function of “rest-frame stacking” (see “Metología”) and improve interfaces. This will be used by a wider community than the immediate collaborators of the project. 3. The projects under this proposal are made with a large international collaborations. We keep exchanging people. Our members keep visiting colleagues in the US, Japan and Europe and we keep inviting our colleagues to visit Mexico. We also present our collaboration at local public outreach events like the “Suma de Culturas”. This encourages not only the scientific exchanges but also cultural exchanges.